参考：https://www.iana.org/help/cctld-retirement

国家/地区代码顶级域 （ccTLD） 的停用

本文档为在基础国家或地区不再存在或因其他原因从相关标准中删除时停用国家/地区代码顶级域 （ccTLD） 的流程提供了指南。
一般原则

ccTLD 资格由 ISO 3166-1 标准中分配的相关国家或地区决定。当国家或地区从标准中删除时，其资格将过期，并且需要在有序过渡期后停止使用。

当 ccTLD 不再符合条件时，IANA 将通知 ccTLD 管理者 ccTLD 即将停用。默认情况下，ccTLD 将在五年后被删除。ccTLD 将公开公布为即将停用，并标明目标删除日期。

ccTLD 管理者可以申请延期，但有适当的理由。延期最多只能再延长 5 年，因此退休的最长可能期限为 10 年。

ccTLD 管理者可自行决定提前停用域名。

初始流程

IANA 将确定何时 ccTLD 的资格发生变化而需要停用。IANA 将通知存档的 ccTLD 管理者，其打算发布删除通知。ccTLD 管理者将有机会指定一个替代联系人，用于处理与停用相关的通知。

删除通知随后将发送给 ccTLD 管理者或其指定联系人。此外，它还将在 ICANN 网站上作为信函发布。根区数据库将反映域的到期停用状态以及计划的停用日期。
管理有序关闭

该政策规定，存在“善意义务……确保有序关闭即将停用的 ccTLD，同时考虑到其注册人的利益以及 DNS 的稳定性和安全性”。在制定方法时，ccTLD 管理者必须考虑许多因素，这些因素将根据现有域的使用方式而有所不同。

此类过程通常涉及：

为该国家或地区安排建立任何后续 ccTLD，并在适当情况下为受影响的各方提供将其域名迁移到这些后续域名的途径。

尽快停止新注册以限制删除的影响，并调整商业惯例以限制超过域剩余生命周期的注册续订。

透明地向所有受影响的各方传达该域名正在停用，因为它不再反映符合条件的国家或地区，并提高他们对需要采取的步骤的认识。

在不会过度延迟或阻碍域有序关闭的时间表上执行这些作，并在关闭日期之前最大限度地减少对域的依赖。

ccTLD 管理者应制定退休计划，阐明其应对这些因素和其他因素的方法。如果 ccTLD 管理者需要帮助，IANA 可以根据以前的退休经验应要求提供建议。

扩展

ccTLD 管理者可以要求在默认的 5 年停用期之后再延长最多五年。延期申请或此类申请的延期申请必须在驱逐通知后 12 个月内提出。

任何延期申请都必须附有上述退休计划。IANA 将对计划进行评估，并根据计划中描述的独特情况和证明的需求来决定延期申请。

将考虑的因素（在相关保单中描述为“合理要求”）包括：

在默认五年期限内与移除相关的任何一般政策无法合理预见的独特后果。

将出现的具体和实质性问题，这些问题在 5 年期限内无法缓解，但可以通过额外的时间成功缓解。对于此类问题，应进行影响分析，以证明问题的范围，并解释为什么延期是合适的解决方案，而不是替代缓解措施。需要解释考虑的替代缓解措施。

一个时间表，表明在流程的早期停用域的有意义的活动，而不是推迟到停用期结束时。时间表应描述整个过程中的关键里程碑和目标。

对问责机制的描述，这些机制将适当地报告在最大限度地减少与删除域相关的危害方面的进展。

任何保留域或以其他方式将转换延迟到最大程度的首选项都不会被视为任何分析中的一个因素。据了解，一般来说，注册管理机构和注册人更倾向于保留其现有域名，而不是过渡到替代命名空间。

如果 ccTLD 经理需要额外的时间来准备他们的退休计划，作为延期申请的基础，他们可以向 IANA 提出申请。
免职

在确定的删除日期，IANA 将从 DNS 根区中删除授权。
监督和审查

如果您希望提出投诉或寻求上报，例如您认为政策未得到准确或公平的实施，IANA 将运行投诉解决流程。您还可以使用 ICANN 现有的问责机制，例如 ICANN 监察官。
背景

ICANN 董事会于 2022 年 9 月 22 日通过了“ccTLD 停用政策”。此处描述的过程实施此策略。在这项政策之前，IANA 和 ccTLD 管理者之间就停用域名进行了双边讨论，并依赖于 ccTLD 管理者的真诚努力，在合理的时间范围内停用和停用他们的域名。
引用

已采纳的 ccTLD 停用政策包含在 ccTLD 董事会报告的拟议政策的第 15-20 页中。

Retirement of a Country-code Top-level Domain (ccTLD)

This document provides a guide to the process of retiring a country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) when the underlying country or territory no longer exists or is otherwise removed from the relevant standards.
General Principles

ccTLD eligibility is determined by the associated country or territory being assigned in the ISO 3166-1 standard. When countries or territories are removed from the standard, their eligibility expires, and they need to be retired from use after an orderly transition period.

When a ccTLD is no longer eligible, IANA will notify the ccTLD manager that the ccTLD is due for retirement. By default the ccTLD will be removed after five years. The ccTLD will be publicly advertised as under retirement with the target removal date.

A ccTLD manager may apply for an extension with appropriate justification. Extensions are limited to a maximum of five additional years, therefore the maximum possible period for a retirement is 10 years.

ccTLD managers may retire domains earlier at their discretion.

Initial Process

IANA will identify when there is a change to a ccTLD’s eligibility that necessitates its retirement. IANA will notify the ccTLD manager on file that it intends to issue a Notice of Removal. The ccTLD manager will have the opportunity to designate an alternate point-of-contact for the purposes of retirement-related notifications.

The Notice of Removal will be subsequently issued to the ccTLD manager or their designated contact. It will additionally be published as correspondence on the ICANN website. The Root Zone Database will reflect the status of the domain as due for retirement, along with the planned retirement date.
Managing an Orderly Shutdown

The policy states that there is a “good faith obligation … to ensure an orderly shutdown of the retiring ccTLD which takes into consideration the interests of its registrants and the stability and security of the DNS”. In developing an approach, the ccTLD manager must consider a number of factors that will vary depending on how the existing domain is used.

Such a process typically involves:

Arranging for any successor ccTLD to be established for the country or territory, and as appropriate, providing pathways for impacted parties to migrate their domains to those successors.

Ceasing new registrations as quickly as possible to limit the impact of the removal, and adjusting business practices to limit registration renewals that would exceed the remaining lifespan of the domain.

Transparently communicating to all impacted parties that the domain is undergoing retirement as it no longer reflects an eligible country or territory, and raising awareness of the steps they need to take.

Performing these actions on a timeline that does not unduly delay or hinder the orderly shutdown of the domain, and minimizes reliance on the domain by its shutdown date.

ccTLD Managers should develop a retirement plan that articulates its approach to these and other factors. IANA can provide advice upon request should ccTLD managers want assistance based on experience with previous retirements.

Extensions

ccTLD Managers may request an extension for up to an additional five years beyond the default five year retirement period. A request for an extension, or a request for an extension on such a request, must be lodged within 12 months of the Notice of Removal.

Any request for extension must be accompanied by a retirement plan as described above. IANA will perform an assessment of the plan and decide on the extension request based on the unique circumstances described in the plan, and the demonstrated need.

Factors that will be considered, described as “reasonable requirements” in the associated policy, include:

Any unique consequences associated with removal within the default five year period that could not reasonably be anticipated by the general policy.

Specific and material problems that will arise that cannot be mitigated within the 5 year period, but would be mitigated successfully with additional time. Such problems should be tendered with an impact analysis that demonstrates the scope of the issue, and an explanation of why an extension is the appropriate solution as opposed to alternative mitigation measures. Alternative mitigation measures that were considered need to be explained.

A timeline that demonstrates meaningful activity toward decommissioning the domain early in the process, rather than delaying until toward the end of the retirement period. The timeline should describe key milestones and objectives throughout the process.

A description of accountability mechanisms that will report progress appropriately on minimizing harms associated with removal of the domain.

Any preferences to retain the domain, or otherwise delay transition to the maximum extent possible, will not be considered a factor in any analysis. It is understood that, generally speaking, registries and registrants would have a preference to retain their existing domains rather than transition to an alternative namespace.

If ccTLD Managers need extra time to prepare their retirement plan as a basis for extension requests, they may make a request with IANA.
Removal

On the identified date for the removal, IANA will remove the delegation from the DNS root zone.
Oversight and Reviews

IANA operates a Complaint Resolution Process if you wish to lodge a complaint or seek an escalation, such as if you feel the policy has not been applied accurately or fairly. You may also use ICANN’s existing accountability mechanisms, such as the ICANN Ombudsman.
Background

The “Policy for the Retirement of a ccTLD” was adopted by the ICANN Board of Directors on 22 September 2022. The procedures described here implement this policy. Prior to this policy, retirements were bilaterally discussed between IANA and the ccTLD manager, and relied upon the good faith efforts of ccTLD managers to decommission and retire their domains in a reasonable timeframe.
References

The adopted Policy for the Retirement of a ccTLD is contained within pages 15-20 of the Proposed Policy for the Retirement of ccTLDs Board Report.